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Ecological network complexity scales with area

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 6, pages 307–314 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Larger geographical areas contain more species—an observation raised to a law in ecology. Less explored is whether biodiversity changes are accompanied by a modification of interaction networks. We use data from 32 spatial interaction networks from different ecosystems to analyse how network structure changes with area. We find that basic community structure descriptors (number of species, links and links per species) increase with area following a power law. Yet, the distribution of links per species varies little with area, indicating that the fundamental organization of interactions within networks is conserved. Our null model analyses suggest that the spatial scaling of network structure is determined by factors beyond species richness and the number of links. We demonstrate that biodiversity–area relationships can be extended from species counts to higher levels of network complexity. Therefore, the consequences of anthropogenic habitat destruction may extend from species loss to wider simplification of natural communities.

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Fig. 1: Spatial scaling of network complexity.
Fig. 2: Scaling of the number of links with species richness.
Fig. 3: Spatial scaling of mean indegree and network degree distribution.

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Data availability

All datasets analysed during the current study are available online at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zcrjdfndg66, https://github.com/nuriagaliana/Ecological-network-complexity-scales-with-area or https://github.com/mlurgi/global-network-area.

Code availability

Custom code used to perform the analyses are available online at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5758580, https://github.com/nuriagaliana/Ecological-network-complexity-scales-with-area or https://github.com/mlurgi/global-network-area.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J.-F. Arnoldi, M. Barbier and Y. Zelnik for numerous discussions that improved the quality of this paper. This work was supported by the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41 and 394 ANR-11-IDEX-002-02) to J.M.M., by a Region Midi-Pyrenees project (CNRS 121090) to J.M.M., and by the FRAGCLIM Consolidator Grant (726176) to J.M.M. from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program. The study was also supported by Spanish MICINN projects CGL2009-12646, CSD2008-0040 and CGL2013-41856 to J.B. and A.R. C.E. was funded through the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2015/15172-7). V.A.G.B. was funded by National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under the Project UIDB/05183/2020. W.T. received funding from the ERA-Net BiodivERsA—Belmont Forum, with the national funder Agence National pour la Recherche (FutureWeb: ANR-18-EBI4–0009 and BearConnect: ANR-16-EBI3-0003).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France

    Núria Galiana, Miguel Lurgi, Vinicius A. G. Bastazini, Daniel Montoya & José M. Montoya

  2. Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Núria Galiana

  3. Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, UK

    Miguel Lurgi

  4. Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Vinicius A. G. Bastazini

  5. CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain

    Jordi Bosch, Bernat Claramunt-López, Carlos Hernández-Castellano, Sergio Osorio-Canadas, Sara Reverté & Anselm Rodrigo

  6. Institute for Multidisciplinary Plant Biology (IMBIV), Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, National University of Cordoba and CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina

    Luciano Cagnolo

  7. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

    Kevin Cazelles & Kevin McCann

  8. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain

    Bernat Claramunt-López, Carlos Hernández-Castellano & Anselm Rodrigo

  9. Departament of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CP 199, Rio Claro, Brazil

    Carine Emer

  10. Departament of Botany, University of Pernambuco (UFPE), CP 199, Recife, Brazil

    Carine Emer

  11. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Marie-Josée Fortin

  12. Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

    Ingo Grass

  13. Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

    Frank Jauker

  14. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

    Shawn J. Leroux & Anne M. McLeod

  15. Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain

    Daniel Montoya

  16. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Daniel Montoya

  17. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Christian Mulder

  18. Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México

    Sergio Osorio-Canadas

  19. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany

    Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter

  20. Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain

    Anna Traveset

  21. Evolution of Technology Laboratory, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC–Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

    Sergi Valverde

  22. European Centre for Living Technology, Venice, Italy

    Sergi Valverde

  23. Argentine Institute for Dryland Research, CONICET and National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

    Diego P. Vázquez

  24. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

    Diego P. Vázquez

  25. eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Spencer A. Wood

  26. Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

    Dominique Gravel

  27. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

    Tomas Roslin

  28. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Tomas Roslin

  29. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France

    Wilfried Thuiller

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Contributions

N.G., J.M.M. and M.L. designed the research with contributions from all co-authors. N.G. and M.L. conducted research and analysed the data. J.B., L.C., B.C.-L., C.E., I.G., C.H.-C., F.J., D.M., C.M., S.O.-C., S.R., A.R., I.S.-D., A.T., D.P.V., S.A.W., T.R. and W.T. contributed the data. J.M.M., V.A.G.B., K.C., M.-J.F., S.J.L., K.M., A.M.M., D.G., T.R., S.V. and W.T. supported research. N.G. and J.M.M. wrote the manuscript with substantial contributions from D.G., T.R. and W.T. and feedback from all co-authors.

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Correspondence to Núria Galiana.

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Nature Ecology & Evolution thanks Jonathan Chase and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary Text 1, Tables 1–7 and Figs. 1–8.

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Galiana, N., Lurgi, M., Bastazini, V.A.G. et al. Ecological network complexity scales with area. Nat Ecol Evol 6, 307–314 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01644-4

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